Generally, amplifiers do not only amplify any intensity or phase noise of the input, but also add some excess noise. This applies not only to laser amplifiers, where excess noise can partly be explained as the effect of spontaneous emission, b. Generally, amplifiers do not only amplify any intensity or phase noise of the input, but also add some excess noise. This applies not only to laser amplifiers, where excess noise can partly be explained as the effect of spontaneous emission, but also to nonlinear amplifiers. The noise figure e.g. of a fiber amplifier is a measure for how much exces. Amplifiers of different kinds may also be used for amplifying ultrashort pulses. In some cases, a high repetition rate pulse train is amplified, leading to a high average power while the pulse energy remains moderate. In other cases, a much higher gain is applied to pulses at lower repetition rates, leading to high pulse energies and correspondingl. For high values of the input light intensity or fluence, the amplification factor of a gain medium saturates, i.e., is reduced (→ gain saturation). This is a natural consequence of the fact that an amplifier cannot add arbitrary levels of energy or power to an input signal. However, as laser amplifiers (particularly those based on solid-state gain. For high gain, weak parasitic reflections can cause parasitic lasing, i.e., oscillation without an input signal, or additional output components not caused by the input signal. This effect then limits the achievable gain. Even without any parasitic reflections, amplified spontaneous emissionmay extract a significant power from an amplifier.